China s Economic Growth And Development Essay - 990 Words

For the past three decades, critics have immersed themselves in the discourse of China’s rapid economic growth and development. For a socialist regime, the emergence on China’s remarkable economic achievement has been one of the world’s most unprecedented success stories. Sai-leung Ng (2000) emphasized on China’s success, describing China as the country with the most rapid economic growth of the time. Paul Collier (2007) noted that individuals in the west were starting to get worried that China was converging to quickly with the western economy. To support Collier’s comment, Jean-Francois Huchet (2006) rated the Chinese economy among the top five leading economies in the world. In the book, Why Nations Fail, Acemoglu and Robinson (2012, p. 86) exhibit their astonishment stating ‘China has made great strides towards inclusive economic institutions, strides that underpin its spectacular growth over the past thirty years’. Conversely, Acemoglu and Robinson (2012, p. 443) conceptualized the framework that ‘China achieved its economic growth by shifting away from extractive economic institutions and implemented inclusive economic institutions†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Yasheng Huang (2012) has exemplified a theoretical concept insinuating that China’s rapid growth substantially resulted from its rural reform. In his article, How Did China Take Off, Huang (2012) argued that China’s â€Å"take-off† in economic growth was completely a function of its rural development and internal reforms. This initiated theShow MoreRelatedVietnam Air Pollution And China s Economic Development And Growth2618 Words   |  11 Pages Chinese Air Pollution History of Air Pollution in China During the 1980s, China underwent a series of industrial changes leading to severe air pollution (Chen, Ebenstein, Greenstone, Li, 2013; Chen, Kan, Chen, Jiang, Hong, 2011; Kan, London, Chen, Zhang, Song, Zhao, Chen, 2007; Schmidt, Olicker, 2004). 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Of Romeo and Juliet Free Essays

anfernee simon According to Duff Brenna, â€Å"All literature shows us the power of emotion. It is emotion, not reason, which motivates characters in literature. † This is demonstrated in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet and Of Mice and Men. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Romeo and Juliet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Human beings are often driven by their emotions or passions. Sometimes their actions defy sound reason or judgment. However, due to the emotions that the individuals might be experiencing at that time, their initial response is usually impulsive. I agree Duff Brenna in her assessment of how characters in literature are motivated by their raging emotions and not by reason, common sense or wisdom. One cannot merely act upon how they feel, especially if those emotions are negatives. Negatives emotions, if acted upon, will lead to negative actions; whereas positive emotions will leads to positive actions. In the play, Romeo and Juliet, The Capulet’s and The Montegue’s hated each other’s families. The literary term I used to best describe the story is irony. The irony in the story was that the two families were feuding and the two cross lovers fell in love. The main character in the story that relates to my interpretation of the quote by Brenna is Romeo. Romeo was a teenaged Capulet. He was tall with dark brown eyes. Romeo killed other people and bought poison to kill his self afterwards. For an example, Tybalt was Juliet’s cousin. Romeo and Tybalt were never in agreement with anything. When Romeo tried to be nice to Tybalt, Tybalt got aggressive and attacked him. That behavior resulted in Romeo’s killing of Tybalt. There are many themes that are represented in the story Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. The theme that I will focus on is idealism. The two main characters of this novel, George and Lennie, always dreamed on having a dream farm. Lennie loved to play with any animal that had soft hair. The story consisted of mice, rabbits and a dog. That dream that they had doesn’t get fulfilled because George killed Lennie. George killed Lennie because Lennie had a mental disorder. It was George’s responsibility to take care of him. Lennie was just too much for George to handle, so George had no choice to kill him. Everybody in the story realized that the two men weren’t going anywhere in life. For an example, Crook expresses his doubt about the dream. Nobody ever gets into heaven and nobody gets any land. Crook is simply referring not only to literal ownership, but the dream of contentment about what these simple men fantasize. John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men revealed the dreams as well as the pains that these two men experienced in their lives. The actions of the characters in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet and Of Mice and Men were motivated by their emotions and not by reason. Duff Brenna is accurate in her statement that â€Å"All literature shows us the power of emotion. It is emotion, not reason, which motivates characters in literature. † Romeo in Romeo and Juliet and George in Of Mice and Men both committed actions based upon the negative emotions that they were experiencing. Had they given much thought to the emotions that they were feeling; and had they applied sound reason, I am convinced that their actions would have been different and so would the overall stories of the books. How to cite Of Romeo and Juliet, Papers

Mr Tanner Essay Example For Students

Mr Tanner Essay Biography Overcoming odds is something that is often talked about in history. People often express their struggles in many different forms. Henry O. Tanner was an extradinary man who challenged viewers through his art. As an African American artist, Mr. Tanner experienced the same racism and moral hatred that most other African Americans endured in his time. Based on his spiritual background and influence of other artists, Tanner was able to pursue his dream of becoming the most famous African American artist in the 19th Century. His crowning achievement was his oil on canvas painting, The Banjo Lesson. Born on June 21, 1859, just prior to the Civil War, in a house that was also used as an Underground Railroad station, Tanner was six years old when slavery was abolished in 1865. Tanner was raised by his father Benjamin Tucker and his mother Sarah Miller Tanner. They lived in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and attended African Methodist Episcopalian church. His father was a preacher at the church they attended. Henrys mother was a former slave who was sent north through the Underground Railroad. Throughout Tanners teenage years, he saw painters working in a park near his home which inspired Tanner to become more of a painter. Tanner constantly drew and painted landscapes in his early years and made numerous trips to different art galleries. Tanners parents were very supportive of him and his parents encouraged him to continue to his passion of becoming a painter. During Tanners life, he was also experiencing health problems and his parents felt painting was a good tool of medicine. At the age of 20, Tanner became the first black student allowed to attend Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. During Tanners education, he continued to paint because he needed to support himself while in school. After graduating from Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Tanner began teaching at Clark College, in Atlanta, Georgia. Tanners close friend name Joseph C. Hartzell along side his father Joseph, helped and paid for Tanners first gallery. But no one bought Tanners paintings, so Tanners father and close friend bought all of his paintings. This lead Tanner to sell his gallery and Tanner pursued his interest in traveling the world. In 1891, Tanner traveled and moved to Rome and then he also visited Paris. While in Paris, he saw the beauty in art and chose to further is art education there. This opportunity allowed Tanner to live and paint in a country where there were no racial barriers like in the United States, such as segregation. He then enrolled in the school there called Academic Julian. It was not long after this Tanner painted his one of his popular work called The Banjo Lesson of 1893 and the Thankful Poor of 1894. In 1899, Tanner married Jessie Olssen, a white opera singer from San Francisco, while living in Paris. They had one child and permanently resided in France. During 1908, his first one-man painting exhibit was a series religious paintings back in the United States and held at the American Art Galleries in New York. Tanner continued to travel and he travel led him to Palestine to learn more about religious paintings. This lead to Tanners first opportunity of becoming the first African American to paint blacks serving in World War I, and also becoming the first black painter to have a painting hung on the wall of the White House Green Room. This painting is called The Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City, 1885. Bit the painting I am eager to talk about is one of famous painting The Banjo Lesson, 1893, painted with oil on canvas (Hampton University Museum, Hampton, Virginia). Tanner painting shows a little boy sitting on his grandfathers lap playing a banjo. Immediately I was able to see the form and content of this painting. His painting can be valued in so many ways. Such as being formalism. Meaning this painting is truly beautiful. There is love between two people with a soft tone displayed in this painting. .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0 , .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0 .postImageUrl , .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0 , .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0:hover , .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0:visited , .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0:active { border:0!important; } .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0:active , .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0 .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u701c5627c7d0550667035091f8a5cff0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Francisco GoyaThe grandfather is given banjo lessons to his grandson who also shows a family togetherness and love. Tanner may have viewed this image of having a grandchild one day because I obtained a sense of personal culture in his painting. Tanners painting is a two dimensional painting with detailed images of everyday life. I see many brush strokes along with the colors used. Tanner painted his painting with black and gray oil colors. Tanner also used Chiaroscuro shading in this painting because the tones of the colors give the viewer a sense of calmness. This gives a shade and balance with his tones. As for the lighting in the painting, there is a bright light beaming over the head of the grandfather, on the floor under the chair underneath the grandfather, and a reflection bouncing off of the table cloth behind the grandfathers chair. This directional force leads viewers eyes toward the upper middle portion of the picture straight to the two individuals in the painting. Tanners work show him using his personal style and viewers are able to experience how Tanners life may have looked during the 19th Century. Tanner also used unity and variety, such as the table being placed behind the grandfather chair, cooking tools along side on the floor, and also the way the floor slants downhill toward the viewer. The grandson in the painting waist is the vanishing point and there is also some emphasis there too. As I continued to view Tanners painting, I realize his painting was asymmetrical because they way the grandfathers feet appeared unleveled. His feet were unbalanced and one of his knees appears higher than the other. Tanner applied a lot of space in his painting to show or give the viewer a sense of the subjects sitting in a kitchen in a room of a house. As I continued to gather further visual thoughts, there was also an example of representational art used with a little of motion being applied because the grandson was playing the banjo. Tanners painting also has hatching brush strokes and it appears the painting was drawn first. His painting is very realistic and Tanner emphasis the use of portion with the two subjects, one person is bigger than the other. This is found by the way the grandfathers hands are a little bigger than normal size and you are able to sense a feeling of authority too. The Banjo Lesson mainly illustrates the importance of family. I cant stop expressing this because a viewer and someone researching Tanners life is able to experience the life of this artist, his upbringing, his spiritual life, and viewers are able to see his love for people and family. There is a strong sense family togetherness in his painting. As I stated previous on Tanners life, Tanner had a great relationship with his father who was the backbone of his career. As you read the life of Tanner, Tanner broke the racial barrier in the United States toward blacks in painting. He paved the way for other black painters because of the hard work and persistence. Most of all, he had a strong desire and passion to become a painter. Tanner also had several other paintings in other art galleries around the world, but there are were only a few which received world-wide recognition. Therefore, it leads me to say, this was an important man who made a way for new black artist who were behind him. The self portrait of him shows confident in and persistence he carried within. We all know during Tanners day of time, it was not easy for African Americans to accomplish a career or obtain an education. However, Tanner showed grace, intelligence, and a strong determination to succeed. Which allowed him to not only overcome obstacles, but flourish in an era of history that swallowed up many of his would-be contemporaries.

Teri Maa Ki Aankh free essay sample

Bhatt A Different History ANALYSIS STANZA 1 Indian culture/religion – life in India is –or should be – free but there is constant pressure ________________in other ways of life (example of this are __________) Line 1-3: _______________: the ancient Greek god of nature (part man, part goat); allying Greek culture with India’s perhaps suggesting that western society has formed more developed religions; India = still basic ________________ Line 4-5: highlights the difference between other cultures and India; here Gods are_______________________________, all around Line 7-18 persuasive writing which creates Irony – Hindus made to look after books and revere them but not for knowledge, but because they are made out of gods (trees) = satirical/mocking tone ? __________:â€Å"It is a sin† = powerful connotations, a crime for offending the gods ? ___________: â€Å"you must†, __________: ‘without† , ___________: â€Å"Sarasvati† (= the Hindu goddess of art) ( emphasises that there are many pedantic Hindu rules that must be obeyed which are criticised by the author in a ______________tone ? Despite being Indian the author is being very _____________ of Indian culture/religion/belief STANZA 2 : idea of foreign invaders, language and generation Line 19-20: _____________ – more philosophical, makes us think about _______________in general, different from the previous mocking tone, which language is ‘original’? Line 21-22: rhetorical question – double meaning = English not to kill people but to _____________ India’s culture/traditions; question tries to understand the aims of the ‘oppressor’ Line 23-27: _________________________/thread of diction/semantic field: ‘torture’, ‘soul has been cropped’, ‘scythe swooping out’ all relate to ________________ (British culture on Indian ground ) = developing/changing/forcing India’s culture to change or assimilate and English language is seen as being representative of all hat ( Growing imagery of violent invasion ( visualization of the language as a literal tongue but symbolising a powerful ______________ Line 28-29: Bhatt is one of these ‘unborn grandchildren†, no question mark so it is more of a _______________ (fact or certainty) ‘’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’à ¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ STRUCTURE  ¦ 2 stanzas are representative of Bhatt’s _______________ _______ (British and Indian) She is critical of both Indian _______________________ and British ____________/colonialism ‘’’’’‘’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’â€⠄¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ PHILOSOPHICAL POINTS (subjects of the poem) forgetting past, human nature, generation, dual identity We know from her Bio that Bhatt fears that her natural identity, as manifested by her Indian tongue, may rot and die ( If she fears this why is she appearing to be critical of India? The contradictory idea is that while Hinduism and being Indian are the ‘deepest layer’ of her identity, she is not the fnod of them. We will write a custom essay sample on Teri Maa Ki Aankh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She is critical of it. She also deefnds coonlial English invaders. Both these beliefs are counter iiinuttve; you would expect her to defend her ‘deepest layer of identity’ Indian, and slate English, but she does the opposite. This makes her identity complex and this is the strength of the poem. Readers are initurged by this unusual tactic. ( How does it happen that she has ignored her cultural roots for many of her early years? Choose the appropriate words from the box below to fill in the gaps! cultivating religious ideology statement allusion (x2) dual identity books physical manifestations assimilate to conform language Imperative extended metaphorical language repetition(x2) religious conformity critical rhetorical question religious conformity weapon colonialism sarcastic

demian essays

demian essays Herman Hesses novel Demian tells of a young boy named Emil Sinclair and his childhood growing up during pre-World War I. Emil struggles to find his new self-knowledge in the immoral world and is caught between good and evil, which is represented as the light and dark realms. Hesse uses much symbolic diction in his novel to give a more puissant presentation of Emil Sinclair and the conflict between right and wrong. The symbolism gives direction, foreshadow, and significance towards every aspect of the novel. Emil Sinclairs home as a young child is a very important symbol in the novel. As Emil attends school he is shown a world immoral value. The confusion of which is right or wrong creates the need for a safe haven for Emil. Emil refers to his home as a realm of light and states that he and his family all belong to that realm. The house itself was once a monastery, giving it a more powerful representation of the light realm. This symbolic asylum represents Emils innocence within himself and casts him apart from the real world. Another safe haven Emil retreats to is after he finds himself as a member of the mark of Cain. Evas garden symbolizes the Garden of Eden (a religious setting therefore of the light realm) and Emil separates himself there as one with the mark of Cain apart from the rest of the corrupt world. Both settings symbolize Emils importance in the The Garden of Eden presents itself as another symbolic location. The event that Emil told the story of stealing the apples from the garden was a very symbolic point of the novel in which Emil breaks away from his light realm. The garden that Emil stole the apples from represented the Garden of Eden and the apples, or forbidden fruit, symbolized Emil's first sin. This event foreshadows what is next to come in the conflict of good and evil. Emils first step out of the li...

René Laennec and the Invention of the Stethoscope

Renà © Laennec and the Invention of the Stethoscope The stethoscope is an implement for listening to the internal sounds of the body. It is widely used by doctors and veterinarians to gather data from their patients, in particular, breathing and heart rate. The stethoscope may be acoustic or electronic, and some modern stethoscopes record sounds, as well.   The Stethoscope: An Instrument Born of Embarrassment The stethoscope was invented in 1816 by the French physician Renà © Thà ©ophile Hyacinthe Laà «nnec (1781-1826) at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris. The doctor was treating a female patient and was embarrassed to use the traditional method of Immediate Auscultation, which involved the doctor pressing his ear to the patients chest. (Laà «nnec recounts that the method was rendered  inadmissible by the age and sex of the patient.) Instead, he rolled up a sheet of paper into a tube, which allowed him to hear his patients heartbeat. Laà «nnecs embarrassment gave rise to one of the most important and ubiquitous medical instruments. The first stethoscope was a wooden tube similar to the ear horn hearing aids of the time. Between 1816 and 1840, the various practitioners and inventors replaced the rigid tube with a flexible one, but documentation of this phase of the device’s evolution is spotty. We do know that the next leap forward in stethoscope technology took place in 1851 when an Irish doctor named Arthur Leared invented a binaural (two-ear) version of the stethoscope. This was refined the next year by George Cammann and put into mass production.   Other improvements to the stethoscope came in 1926, when Dr. Howard Sprague of Harvard Medical School and M.B. Rappaport, an electrical engineer, developed a double-headed chest piece. One side of the chest piece, a flat plastic diaphragm, rendered higher-frequency sounds when pressed to the patient’s skin, while the other side, a cup-like bell, allowed sounds of a lower frequency to be discerned.

Liturgiam Authenticam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Liturgiam Authenticam - Essay Example This means that the Sacred Council identified inculturation to be the two-sided process requiring mutual actions and flexibility both from the Church and the Roman liturgy and from the recipient cultures. Whereas diverse autonomous cultures are expected to embrace Christian traditions and be integrated into a global community based on faith and universal dogmas; the Church is to incarnate Christian liturgy traditions in certain sociocultural backgrounds and soften all rough edges in order to make Christian tradition more comprehensible and close to the cultures. The Gospel is believed to enhance and strengthen peculiar cultural values and traditions and â€Å"restore them in Christ† (IRL,  § 4), when penetrating into a culture. Moreover, Christian traditions are expected to integrate and enrich other cultures, being also enriched by their wisdom. Inculturation as a process has preserved its aim since development of Christian tradition: its aim is to encourage and deepen peoples’ understanding on the message of Christ and find a better expression of it in local liturgical traditions and other areas of spiritual life of the Church. For this, the Holy Scriptures and liturgical texts have to be transformed into a form comprehensible for other cultures, especially those in the mission territories, i.e. they have to be translated wisely into local languages. The process of inculturation has its roots in ancient times when the story of salvation had just begun. The earliest forms of inculturation were practiced by the Israelites, the people believing that they were chosen by God and witnessed his love and actions (IRL,  § 9). The people of Israel borrowed some traditions and forms of worship from other peoples, yet â€Å"digesting† and modifying them in accordance to their fundamental faith in God. In other words, these borrowings were absorbed by Israeli religious traditions and practices in order to enhance celebration of the God’s deeds and memory. The next

Summary of consumer insights and consumer media profile of Kit Kat for Essay

Summary of consumer insights and consumer media profile of Kit Kat for China - Essay Example Its economic growth can be regarded to be slow despite the stability in its trends. The stability of business growth in a country can be attributed to good international policies and relationships with other foreign countries (Chow 211). It has expanded the boundary of its business associates as well as partners. For instance, recently, the country has entered into several business deals with other foreign countries and multinational companies to widen its demand pool. However, its economy is on a slow growing trend, an issue that is of great concern with others counter plating that the country’s economy would likely face a deep fall if the issue is not reverted. Slow economic growth can be associated with inadequate advertisement strategies. This work focuses on limitations as far as media business adverts are concerned. China imposes a lot of restrictions in the media business adverts. Such restrictions are meant to limit chances of consumers being misled by the economy sect or. For instance, it does not allow the mentioning of certain foreign companies, medical institutions, among other elements in media adverts. Medical sector is meant to contribute a good portion to the general national economy, but inadequate medical adverts may force the citizens to seek medical services from foreign medical facilities with comprehensive adverts. The country does not permit business adverts interrupting television dramas among other programs. Business adverts on televisions are considered among the best advertising platform as it targets huge populations, and the advert is more likely to be viewed by majority of people since more Chinese tend to watch TV dramas compared to other programs. China has got several cultural as well as social values that tend to limit media adverts. For instance, children below the age of 14 should not watch several adverts associated with sexual or even alcohol contents. Furthermore, children below the age of 14 should not be featured i n such adverts. China is strict on the language used in the adverts. For instance, the country discourages adverts in other language other than its native Chinese which may not be understood by the majority of the foreigners (Joseph 177). All these limitations in media adverts tend to discourage consumers from purchasing Chinese and other foreign countries’ products. Customers tend to develop negative attitudes towards such products just because of the incompetency in the media adverts. Such limitations also tend to discourage multinational companies from investing in China due to low demand, which is attributed by inadequate or limited advertisement strategies (Kelley 43). China has lost major foreign business partners due to its restrictions on the use of language, materials or personnel from foreign countries in the adverts of its products. Its limitations in its media adverts could have negative effects on its economy but Chinese culture is greatly preserved. China realiz ed that majority of children could be compelled to imitate the concepts or ideas portrayed in the adverts; this would make them lose their originality which is a very vital component in any Chinese lives. Part 2: Consumer insight and media profile Several studies indicate that college age young adults form the largest proportion of chocolates, candy and biscuits among other snacks consumers in China and other countries as well. Kit Kat is a kind of snack that comprises of

Process Design for Riordan Manufacturing Essay Example for Free

Process Design for Riordan Manufacturing Essay Dear CEO: At Riordan, the electric fan division has revised the process for supplying the electric fans. Part of Riordan’s operations planning, Riordan would implement aggregate operations. From Operations Management for Competitive Advantage (2006), â€Å"Aggregate operations planning involves translating annual and quarterly business plans into broad labor and output plans for the intermediate term of 6 to 18 months. Its objective is to minimize the cost of resources required to meet demand over that period.† Riordan would start to collect data starting from the beginning of the fiscal year. The data would be collected throughout the months to help determine implementation plans. Part of the total quality management for the electric fans would be to implement the eight steps to be successful. From The Eight elements of TQM (2012), Riordan would apply, â€Å"ethics, integrity, trust, training, teamwork, leadership, recognition, and communication,† within its training and everyday workday routines. The process uses a viewpoint that strengthens the power of performance within planning, management, leadership, and design department. These departments have initiated improvements. By implementing the process to the management and staff, Riordan would have an easy workflow. Riordion Manufacturing looks forward to hearing any opinions and concerns regarding the new development for processing of distributing the electric fans. Thank you for your time in advance, Best Regard, Learning Team A Team A will present a proposal package for Riordan Manufacturing Company’s electric fans. This proposition analyzes the importance of the MRP in regard to the fans. In addition, a newly created process design for the production of the electric fans, and a discussion regarding the supply chain that takes advantage of the global prospects that lower labor costs. Last, the team will cover the production forecast for the electric fans along with the implementation plan that will include a design process included within a Gantt chart. MRP for the manufacturing of the Riordan electric fans Many organizations strive to be competitive. Riordan Manufacturing is one of those companies located in Hangzhou, China. This company creates fan blades, fan housings, and supplier for the electric fan motors. Riordan Manufacturing located in China currently uses raw materials to make the fan blades, housings, and other miscellaneous parts. The departments focus on the cost it takes to create the plastic fans to stay ahead of the competition. A new process design can improve Riordan Manufacturing’s output of its process analysis. New Process Design For Production The process developer calls for the entire workforce within the operation to be fully involved. Strategically, Riordian can operate most desirably in the terms of cost, competences within the vendors, and inventory, (Whitney, 1988). Creating a new process design for the manufacturing of Riordan electric fans will adjust the cost for the local vendors. When addressing operating costs and inventory it is paramount to reduce the relationship with their Chinese partners. This is true with any business; it is never a smart move to have more employees than required. Riordan Manufacturing experts have the knowledge and capabilities to order the fan motors and blades needed for assembly. Using local outsourcing manufacturing companies for purchasing the fan motors will lower costs with the new process in place. A way to cut developing time is to begin the process of the phase two at the same time phase one is completed. An implicated cycle can make the transition from phase to phase. Riordan ’s  process currently in use causes concern because of the slow results from its third party. Therefore, creating additional inventory on-site would rectify this situation. The fan motors in inventory will create an efficient development process that does not overlap phases. â€Å"To improve the effectiveness of overlapping, the upstream activity should make solutions ‘downstream-friendly’, reducing meaningless changes, and quickening engineering cycles. The downstream should try to forecast upstream results. Knowing how to make time-risk trade-offs and quicken adjustment to unexpected changes†, (Clark Fujimoto, 1991). With the use of outside manufacturing companies to assemble the electric fan motors, support the economical cost needed for the new process. Subsequently Riordan Manufacturing proposes to have higher levels of inventory that allows them in effectively forecasting models for inventory control, production, planning, improving supply chain, and guaranteeing deliveries of Riordan products. Creating a new process design essentially caters for the new supply and demand of Riordan products. Using lean production can help Riordan Manufacturing minimize waste from raw material toward the finished product. Because of the elevated demand for the product, production needs increase (Chase, Jacobs, Aquilano 2006). Global Advantages and Opportunities Riordan Manufacturing operates their electric fans unit out of Hangzhou, China but sells them across the world, Apollo (2012). The company has been successful in using a method call make-to-stock operations. The flowchart will illustrate an innovative system that ensues extremely efficient. This method has been successful because the product is available when our customer places his or her order. The customer has the option to have his or her product delivered or picking-up his or her product from the local warehouse. In addition, our company offers a responsive supply chain. Riordan is responsive and flexible to the customer’s needs. Moreover, if a customer wanted a special order, the company offers the build-to-order process to meet the specialized requirements for the order. Chase, Jacobs, Aquilano (2006), describes this as the Responsive Supply Chain Method. Our flexibility can accommodate any customer requirements. In this global market, the available opportunities are competitive. According to the  European Business Review article, the opportunities of global advantages will depend on the nation’s determinants. In applying the determinants to Riordan in China, the market has a large availability of skilled labor. Furthermore, a high-demand for the product within the supply network has driven the success for Riordan. Last, this company has diverse suppliers working with the manufacture to produce the electric fans. These factors alone stimulates the competition, in return increases the total supply capacity. These determinants of advantages make this company competitive in the global market. Supply Chain Flowchart Production Forecast Riordan forecast proposes the yearly needs of electric motors to the local companies based on three years of sales and production figures. The current year’s estimation for production of electric fans produces a need to outsource to several local vendors. One of the outsourcing components in producing the fan is the plastic polymers. The outsourcing company produces these individual parts by specification to fit inside the fans. The fan blade and the fan housing components are assembled onsite to the motor. Then the minor parts are added to the fan for its completion. Once production of the fan finalizes, the product become part of the inventory placed into the storeroom as available saleable product. From the storeroom, the customers can pick up their fans from the manufacture. Alternatively, Riordan’s transportation department can have the product delivered using local Chinese shipping company. Riordan maintains extra stock of polymer’s but not the electric motors. Nevertheless, the outsourcing motor supplier and Riordan have an agreement to store extra stock at their facility reducing the overhead and lowering the cost for the product. Ganatt Chart and Design Process As part of the implementation plan, five different tasks assist in developing the electric fans. The first task would be the preliminary design. The second task would be the detail design. The third design would be the prototype. During which the fourth and fifth task provide the testing  and assembly of the electric fans. The white shaded bars implements the period used for each tasks. The parts colored purple within the bars are goals into which Riordan would use as a set goal to achieve production. Conclusion In conclusion, Riordian has submitted the development of a new process for its distribution of electric fans, the process focus on what strengthens the company with countless leaders, designers, planners, and improvement within this proposal. Riordan has been a very successful company and emphases through this proposal the positive aspects of initiating a joint venture. References Apollo Group, Inc. (2005, 2006, 2012) Copyright Riordan Manufacturing Virtual Organizations Portalhttps://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/Riordan/Ops/SupplyChain.asp?hangzhou Chase, R.B., Jacobs, F. R., Aquilano, N.J. (2006) Operations management for competitive advantage (11th ed). New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin European Business Review  © Heinz Weihrich retrieved June 17, 2012 from http://www.usfca.edu/fac_staff/weihrichh/docs/germany.pdf The Eight Elements of TQM (2012). Retrieved June 18, 2012 from http://www.isixsigma.com/methodology/total-quality-management-tqm/eight-elements-tqm/

The Power of Love in Louisa May Alcott Little Women Essay -- Louisa Ma

The Power of Love in Little Women  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Truly, love does work miracles!" (335)   The March family portrayed in Louisa May Alcott's Little Women, was the classic American family. The father is fighting in war, the mother is all knowing and wise and the four daughters are budding seeds of independence. In the beginning of the novel we are introduced to all four of the sisters. Meg, the oldest, is wise and very concerned with class and the styles of the times. Jo was the least like any of her sisters. She longs to be a boy and not have to worry about such petty things as her hair and what she is wearing. Beth is a kind gentle soul who is always contented with what she has. Amy, the youngest, is very conceited. She is always concerned with her looks and who she will marry. "'It's so dreadful to be poor!' sighed Meg, looking down at her old dress. 'I don't think it's fair for some girls to have plenty of pretty things and other girls nothing at all,' added little Amy, with an injured sniff. 'We have Father and Mother and each other,' said Beth contentedly, from her corner . . . . Jo immediately sat up, put her hands in her pockets, and began to whistle. 'Don't Jo-it's so boyish!'{Amy said} 'That's why I do it'" (p.3-4). Though different in many ways, they all loved each other. It was, however, love from, and for, other people that changed them all in so many ways. Being the oldest sister, Meg felt a lot of pressure on her to marry into the right class. She longed for pretty things and large house. She wasn't as conceited as Amy, but continually let Jo know how disappointed in her she was. Jo's unladylike tendencies disgusted her. After going to a coming out party for Annie Moffat, Meg was a changed pers... ...n any other love. In her short life she changed many people for the better. The March family survived many hardships and surpassed many obstacles. Without the love for each other, they wouldn't have made so far. Many years later, Mrs. an Mr. March are sitting back, watching their daughters and grandchildren romp in the orchard. They both see how much they have all grown and changed, Mrs. March turn to Mr. March and says, "Truly, love does work miracles! How very, very happy they must be"(335) Work Cited Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women. New York: Signet, 1983. Douglas, Ann. Introduction. Little Women. By Louisa May Alcott. New York: Signet, 1983. vii-xxvii. Elbert, Sarah. A Hunger for Home: Louisa May Alcott and Little Women. Philadelphia: Temple Press, 1984. Hollander, Anne. "Portraying 'Little Women' Through the Ages. New York Times 15 Apr. 1994.

Pch International

CASE: GS-61 DATE: 04/01/08 PCH INTERNATIONAL: MANAGING THE FLOWS OF INFORMATION, GOODS, AND FINANCE Liam Casey, CEO of PCH International Limited (PCH), was in every way an adventurer. Born and having spent most of his youth in Cork, Ireland, Casey had never lived in China until he started traveling and working in the country in his late twenties. Yet, without speaking much Chinese, Casey managed to establish an innovative supply chain solutions company in China’s factory city of Shenzhen and grew it to almost 700 employees in just ten years.By 2007, PCH had become a global company; it had customers in Western Europe and North America and its IT operations, manufacturing and warehousing support was located in Ireland, China, Singapore, Taiwan, South Africa and Brazil. In fact, so successful was Casey’s business that the â€Å"mildmannered and extremely diligent entrepreneur won the Ireland 2007 Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the year award. †1 Collecting business c ompetition accolades was not what Casey had in mind when he first started PCH.When Casey went to Taiwan in 1996 to attend a computer and electronics fair, he saw an opportunity to help global technology companies take advantage of Asia and China’s low-cost supplier base and manufacturing capabilities. Although PCH started out in the mid-1990s as a sourcing agent of low-priced electronic components from Taiwan and China to the Western world, by 2007 it had evolved into a provider of comprehensive supply chain solutions to global technology companies. PCH was designed to address the needs of a complex global technology supply chain landscape. Arthur Beesley, â€Å"Casey Picks Up Overall Award,† Irish Times, October 26, 2007, p. 12 Jennie Tung prepared this case under the supervision of Professor Hau Lee as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright  © 2008 by the Board of T rustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, e-mail the Case Writing Office at: [email  protected] stanford. du or write: Case Writing Office, Stanford Graduate School of Business, 518 Memorial Way, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5015. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means –– electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise –– without the permission of the Stanford Graduate School of Business. PCH International: Managing Goods, Information and Financial Flows GS-61 p. 2 STATE OF THE TECHNOLOGY SUPPLY CHAINThe Maturing Supply Chain By the twenty-first century, technology products of all sorts became ubiquitous and profoundly transformed the way people lived and worked. However, in the 1990s, in comparison to other global supply chains such as garments and toys, which had over some 50 years of outsourcing experience, the technology supply chain was still in its early development. For example, by the mid-1990s, the digital camera, the mobile phone, and the laptop computer had only just become a mainstream consumer category.As such, in addition to focusing on designing cutting edge products, technology companies were trying figure out the most efficient ways to deliver their products to end consumers. On the consumer technology supply chain timeline, the 1970s and 1980s showed only a small number of global brands, such as the large technology conglomerates Sony and Siemens, who were industry leaders in many product categories. These industry leaders relied on their vertically integrated supply chains and their ability to lock in suppliers to keep new competitors from entering the market. However, as venture capital funding became more available in the 1990s, the technology market saw continuous waves of innovation, shorter product lifecycles, new products and brands. At the same time, the 1990s also saw a drastic increase in independent manufacturers and suppliers, particularly in Asia. These businesses had developed sophisticated technical capabilities after serving the global brands for a number of years. The confluence of these factors changed what it took to win in the technology space. Vertically integrated players of the past were replaced with engineering-savvy, asset-light marketing and design companies. As such, both large and small technology companies had the opportunity to bring products to market through the use of sub-contracting. By the late 1990s, consumers not only had more product choices but also multiple channels to buy from, including online stores, which were becoming popular. Within the world of technology products, the supply chain systems for the wide-ranging product types were not uniform. For example, the more complex large systems, such as telecom base stations, had a diffe rent supply chain model from the smaller consumer electronics products, such as personal MP3 players and laptop computers.This case focuses on the small consumer electronics supply chain, whose characteristics included having many component suppliers, with assembly sites doing the final assembly and testing. The modular structure of technology products meant that the brand owners had to manage a large network of suppliers. To stay competitive, large and small technology companies began to outsource a significant part of their supply chain to third party vendors in order to focus their resources on brand differentiating activities, such as product design and marketing. This outsourcing trend in the 2 3PCH International Limited (PCH), â€Å"Information Memorandum for Potential Investors,† November 2007, pp. 3-5. Ibid. 4 www. Alibaba. com was an online directory of suppliers in China 5 PCH, op. cit. pp. 3-5. PCH International: Managing Goods, Information and Financial Flows GS-6 1 p. 3 1980s created a new industry known as Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS). By the 1990s, the EMS industry had a number of global scale players, notably Hon Hai Precision Industries (Foxconn), Flextronics, Celestica, Sanmina-SCI, Jabil, Elcoteq, and a few dozen others.In addition, several thousand smaller companies continued to occupy EMS niches and served a wide range of consumer electronics brands. The business model for the EMS industry was based on large economies of scale in manufacturing, raw materials procurement, pooling of resources, and industrial design expertise, in addition to other value-added services such as warranty and repairs. Products manufactured by EMS companies were labeled with the brand owner’s brand and corporate identity.As price competition intensified in the consumer electronics industry in the late 1990s, EMS players gradually shifted their manufacturing assets to lower cost areas, such as cities in Southern China. While the leaner over head structure provided numerous operational and financial benefits, the technology companies faced enormously complex challenges in dealing with procurement, manufacturing, and logistics vendors. Fragmented Supplier Base Many technology companies looked to Asia as an outsourcing location, given the number of low- cost manufacturing and component suppliers in the region.By 2007, China became a major sourcing and production hub for many technology companies. However, to take full advantage of China’s low cost supplier base was not always straightforward. As China was rapidly developing into the factory of the world, many companies strove to achieve low cost while maintaining quality. Low cost technology goods suppliers were abundantly available in the coastal regions of China, in particular in the southern city of Shenzhen, just a 50-minute train ride from Hong Kong. As a procurement officer for a technology company, trying to identify the most suitable supplier could be a hug e headache.For example, for every cable connector, printer circuit board, and MP3 player accessory item, there were literally hundreds of suppliers to choose from in China. 4 For many technology companies, many of these components were not core or strategic. However, poor management of component parts could impact every aspect of the supply chain, leaving behind many unsatisfied customers. Therefore, to take full advantage of China’s wealth of suppliers, technology companies needed to filter through numerous vendors to find ones that optimized cost, speed to market, and quality.Working Capital Constraints While independent manufacturers and component suppliers benefited from global outsourcing trends in the late 1990s, they also had to face increasing financing challenges. Casey, who had worked with hundreds of factory owners, learned of the challenges in raising working capital: [In the earlier days of outsourcing,] suppliers were able to take a purchase order of a guarantee d volume from a well-known company to the bank and, upon verification, would be able to obtain working capital inancing. Letters of Credit (LCs) were issued by the purchaser. However, guaranteed longer term product volumes have been replaced by rolling short term product guidelines forecasts. The reason is as a technology company faces tough competition and declining PCH International: Managing Goods, Information and Financial Flows GS-61 p. 4 margins, it needs to manage costs aggressively by minimizing inventory build-up. This is necessary given the need to match the ebb and flow of customer taste and requirements.They in turn demand ‘just-in-time’ delivery from their suppliers— which shifted some of the inventory holding costs upstream to its vendors, further increasing its need for working capital. In addition, sometimes the purchasing company may not be one of the blue-chip globally recognizable brands; banks sometimes perceived this as an additional credit r isk. This trend resulted in substantial volatility and pressure on some suppliers as banks were not as willing to provide trade financing given the perceived increased risk levels.This meant some suppliers found it tremendously difficult, if not extremely expensive to obtain financing. Increasingly Demanding Customers Consumer technology products of the twenty-first century were about superior functionalities, seamless ordering process (both in-store and online), timely and accurate product delivery, and a memorable out-of-box experience—referring to how consumers felt when they opened the box and reacted to the overall product presentation. Of course, it was critical that the products themselves be â€Å"trendy† and â€Å"cool,† and accompanied by a whole host of accessories to jazz up the products.For many consumers, technology products were perceived in the same vein as fashion goods. Brands, therefore, needed to meet constantly changing tastes and extremely short and tight product development cycles. While professional technology products generally placed more emphasis on product functionalities, they still required support services, such as regional configuration (e. g. , language differences and pre-loaded software) and just-in-time delivery of products, in order to minimize inventory costs. Finally, technology companies needed to provide their customers these highly customized products and purchasing experiences at a competitive price, while achieving all of the above. These were just some of the characteristics that made the technology supply chain much more challenging than the supply chain of more traditional industries. EMS companies, as discussed above, while able to deliver manufacturing savings to brand owners, were unable to adequately address these pain points, given that their business model focused on large scale production.The end consumer’s increasing demand for low price and customized products made it challengi ng for EMS companies to address these evolving market trends. TECHNOLOGY SUPPLY CHAIN FLOWS AND CHALLENGES An insightful entrepreneur, Casey saw the pain points described above as opportunities. Over the years, Casey had thought a comprehensive solution addressing the market and customer challenges would provide extraordinary value for technology companies. In PCH’s menu of services, the over-arching theme was to help clients better manage the three distinctive flows in the technology supply chain: information, goods, and financial.These flows essentially addressed every element required to take a product from concept to being retail ready, including the key steps of manufacturing, packaging, product customization, logistics and supplier financing. (See Exhibit 1 for an overview of the three flows in the technology supply chain. ) PCH International: Managing Goods, Information and Financial Flows GS-61 p. 5 The Virtual Supply Chain The virtual supply chain referred to informa tion flow that occurred in the supply chain as goods moved through the various stages.The information requirement might be for a unique customer, such as, â€Å"when will my goods arrive at my door step;† or for the planning department in a company, â€Å"how much inventory should I order given existing inventory levels in different parts of the supply chain? † When a company outsourced each portion of the supply chain to different vendors, disbursing and piecing information back together from disparate sources could be extremely challenging. The Physical Supply Chain The physical supply chain referred to he steps by which physical goods went from product concept to their final customers; it dealt with the movement of goods from various physical locations, such as procurement of components, manufacturing, and logistics. 6 As discussed in the section on challenges facing the technology supply chain, the large number of suppliers and manufacturers in Asia made it extreme ly cumbersome for companies to identify the most appropriate vendors for their needs. In addition to price negotiation, service quality also required significant due diligence.For example, incidences of delinquent delivery and product quality issues were commonplace. Given the myriad of choices that consumers had for any given technology product, the margin of error allowed was very small. Another challenge in the physical supply chain was customization of products. A question often asked by supply chain executives at technology companies was, â€Å"how should I best take advantage of economies of scale by producing in volume while achieving the customization for each local market, and sometimes for each individual customer? This question highlighted the challenge of managing market-level customization since most technology products needed to reach multiple countries around the world. The challenge could be as simple as placing different language labels on products, to more complex tasks such as first consolidating product shipments from different manufacturing sites and then assembling various units for unique customer orders. Finally, logistics and shipment also needed to be managed in an efficient and cost effective manner.The Financial Supply Chain Tied very closely to the physical flow of goods, the financial supply chain referred to the financing required for each step of the supply chain. For example, a manufacturing contractor would need financing to buy components and pay its workers to make the products, before shipping them to the technology company to collect the revenue. Established vendors may have had enough cash to last through a collection cycle but smaller or newer vendors could be strapped for cash when a large order came through.While commercial banks could provide financing for some vendors, new or smaller vendors ended up paying extremely high interest First Capital Presentation at the Zhejiang University Innovation Institute’s Su pply Chain Forum, Zhejiang, China, November 13-14, 2007. 6 PCH International: Managing Goods, Information and Financial Flows GS-61 p. 6 costs, at least in the initial years of operations—until they had developed a stronger track record to borrow at more favorable rates from banks. THE PCH SOLUTIONBy 2007, PCH counted a number of global clients as customers. Among its clients were three of the top five personal computer companies, three of the top five telecom and networking companies, and the top five leading contract electronics manufacturers. 7 According to Casey, â€Å"PCH offers customized solutions for each client. PCH helps to manage the various communication, culture and geographic barriers that often create operational friction between the [technology company] and its suppliers in the supply chain. In Casey’s framework, each PCH solution could be mapped to the various challenges in the three flows of the supply chain, thereby addressing the various gaps in co ordinating these flows. For example, PCH manufacturing services addressed the needs in the flow of goods, while PCH Capital addressed the needs in the financial flow in the supply chain (See Exhibit 2 on PCH services categories). Like PCH’s technology customers, Casey believed an asset-light approach in managing his business worked the best and, therefore, he had no ownership in any of the vendors that PCH worked with.PCH was neither a supplier of goods nor an importer for global technology companies. PCH was a service provider—a coordinator that helped orchestrate and maximize the benefits of an outsourced supply chain for all parties involved. Addressing the Needs of the Virtual Supply Chain Information transparency was a highly valued feature for technology companies given the many moving pieces involved. Casey explained why its software services division was core to PCH’s offering to clients and why developing these tools was important to PCH in the long ter m: Transparency of process is a central PCH offering.This is why we’ve developed a series of online software tools that drive internal PCH activities and to provide a portal for clients to oversee and participate in the process. These systems enabled PCH, customers and third-party suppliers to view and share the same data. [As all parties] are working with the same data on the same platform, confusion is reduced, the need for status communication is reduced and clients can have full visibility to PCH’s activities even [though] they may be half a world away. By 2007, PCH had developed a set of software visibility tools that consolidated relevant information for each individual customer.Examples included StatusFlo, which showed inventory levels of goods in the various locations of the supply chain; and TransFlo, which housed all information relevant to billing and shipping documents in one central location for each order. Given the myriad of suppliers, ChinaFlo provided a database of background data on over 900 factories evaluated by PCH. Each factory profile contained detailed information ranging from basic background information, to factory qualification reports, and to capabilities case studies. Customers also had the ability to view pictures of their products and even search 7 Beesley, loc. it. PCH International: Managing Goods, Information and Financial Flows GS-61 p. 7 for hotels in the vicinity of the factories, as the factory profiles had GPS coordinates associated with them. Resolving the chaos and lack of data transparency in the virtual supply chain was one key value-add that PCH offered. (See Exhibit 3 for a screenshot of different sections of PCH’s information portal. ) Addressing the Needs of the Physical Supply Chain Casey reflected on the path that PCH took: The historical success of PCH was in manufacturing services where goods were sourced and manufactured for our clients.This was how the company got started. Over time, PCH had moved deeper into the product life cycle where solutions were replacing entire distribution systems; for some of our clients, [PCH] took over warehousing, inventory management, and retail preparation functions. We wanted to move to higher value services as opposed to being just a sourcing agent. With this strategy, PCH developed three core services that addressed the complexity and confusion of sourcing and manufacturing in Asia, in particular in China. As of 2007, these services were manufacturing, postponement, and fulfillment services.Manufacturing Services PCH offered its manufacturing services to clients as early as the product development phase. Technology companies would approach PCH with ideas for products and PCH’s design team then developed prototypes for manufacturing. Casey proudly mentioned how PCH’s differentiated services created benefits for the entire supply chain. Even if our clients just ask for product quotes, we would put the product through i ndustrial design optimization that yields the best cost for the customer while minimizing potential quality issues.Many of our clients did not expect this but this is the level of services that we aim for. We do not tie [the product design] to the capabilities of any specific factory group but act independently on behalf of our clients†¦This level of services also compares favorably to just a [company to outsource manufacturer] relationship where the focus is on landing the contract and meeting minimum quantities; [this also meant] final product quality and the end user experience being far down the outsource manufactures’ list of priorities.The other part of PCH manufacturing services entailed factory identification, qualification, and ongoing monitoring. For this set of services, PCH also leveraged its software services (see information supply chain in previous section) to differentiate itself from other competitors. Casey said, â€Å"Rather than just identifying the factories for manufacturing, we would map out the locations of the various potential manufacturing sites and how that would fit in the overall supply chain. This strategy ensured that the entire supply chain was optimized, taking into consideration the later steps in the process, such as warehousing and shipment consolidation. PCH International: Managing Goods, Information and Financial Flows GS-61 p. 8 Postponement and Fulfillment Services Traditionally, once the technology products were produced and quality checked in the approved outsourced factories, they were shipped to warehouse facilities before going to the various retail destinations.A potential downside to this model was that when the bulk shipment arrived at the retail destination, which might be in a high cost country such as the U. S. or Europe, the products still needed to be further customized for each local market; whether it was adding country appropriate labeling or putting on UPC labels. This meant that even thoug h a company had saved by manufacturing its goods in Asia, this last mile customization could bring the total product costs back up. The other downside was that a technology company also needed to pay for inventory holding costs.And, this inventory had limited flexibility; a company could not move it to other geographies, even if a particular product was running a shortage in other locations. To address these challenges, PCH offered postponement services—the act of holding goods in the supply chain (often in bulk format pending final assembly or packaging) for delivery to a warehouse, retail store or the end consumer. 8 In Casey’s words, â€Å"What we are doing is bringing a vanilla product to a stage in a process and then flavor in the last minute. So you're postponing the flavoring. The final steps would only be carried out once the demand was clearly visible. Most of PCH’s clients’ products were manufactured around the coastal areas of China, so PCH st rategically located its postponement processing facilities in the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen, and in Singapore. These locations were selected for their relatively low labor costs (some of the final packaging was quite labor intensive) and the availability of favorable tax-free trade zones. For example, one of PCH’s clients was a global personal computer (PC) company.When its PCs arrived in Shenzhen’s postponement processing facility in bulk, the machines had no software. Given these computers could be destined for different locations around the world, PCH would wait for the final order before it preloaded the different language operating systems into these computers for the various markets. These computers were held in Shenzhen’s Futian Tax Free Trade zone; which yielded lower inventory holding costs, as compared to having them sit at the warehouses in a higher cost country location.As PCH’s goal was to help customers fully manage the physical supp ly chain, its fulfillment services addressed the â€Å"handling of product orders from clients, their distribution chains or directly from end consumers over the Internet. †9 This meant that after products had gone through final assembly and packaging in the postponement phase, PCH could have them delivered directly to retail stores, ready for sale or to the end consumers’ doorstep. Working with third party logistics providers, PCH had several options for pickup and shipment to overseas locations.Even though PCH provided postponement in China, technology products were often transported by air, so this did not mean PCH’s response time was much worse than the conventional approach of having postponement at the retail distribution center in the U. S. Casey explained why the combination of postponement and fulfillment services worked well for PCH’s technology clients and how it addressed challenges in the broader market environment: 8 9 PCH, op. cit. pp. 9-13 Ibid. PCH International: Managing Goods, Information and Financial Flows GS-61 p. 9The constantly shifting consumer tastes and trends make forecast volume for any [technology] product difficult. When Internet sales direct to a customer’s home are added into the array of distribution possibilities, the processing needs become even more complex. With postponement and fulfillment services located close to the manufacturing sites, it drastically shortens time to market. By offering a variety of packaging and shipment options, PCH is able to both manage fast and slow moving inventory in a manner that reduces the overall supply chain costs to [technology companies].This approach provides clients with substantial leverage in their operations: total factory commitments remain somewhat unchanged, product inventory quantities shrink, warehouse networks shrink, if not disappearing all together, and the cost of operating the supply chain falls. PCH’s Unique Position In summarizin g PCH’s value proposition, Casey believed PCH’s role as the coordinator in the supply chain was beneficial for all parties involved: Our purpose as a company is developing partnerships, delivering peace of mind.None of our customers have ever gone direct to a factory. Some customers have made phone calls to factories, but the factories will call us immediately because [those factories also made products for five of our other clients. ] So we bring a very big book of business to these component suppliers and that's why they like to work with us. The factories are getting a steady flow of business through our volume consolidation. At the same time our customers also benefit from economies of scale by consolidating their orders with their competitors, which are nonproprietary stuff.Casey believed that in the 1990s, global companies operating in China were all about the knowledge challenge and everyone was just trying to learn about the landscape. By 2000, â€Å"it was al l about the execution challenge; that is, how do you actually do it and benefit from what China has to offer,† said Casey. Client Case Example10: Managing the Physical and Information Supply Chain PCH worked with a wide range of technology clients; but perhaps its partnership with one global consumer technology company provided the best example to illustrate the principles behind technology supply chain outsourcing.Situation The client was a global consumer electronics company and, since the early 2000s, had produced a number of blockbuster products that were sold worldwide. Sales revenue was growing rapidly and most of its products were manufactured in Taiwan and China. These products were sold over the Internet, in addition to a variety of retail outlets, and were often sold with accessories such as protective carrying cases, spare parts, and alternative configurations of the products. PCH operated under a confidentiality agreement with most of its clients; hence, actual cli ent names have been disguised.Some of the company data provided was fictitious to preserve anonymity. 10 PCH International: Managing Goods, Information and Financial Flows GS-61 p. 10 Playing in the extremely competitive consumer technology space, this client had introduced new products every year or so—sometimes with an entirely new product line and sometimes with upgrades to existing models. Complication In the initial years, this client worked with a global logistics provider to operate its more than five North American and European warehouse facilities; inventories from Asia arrived in bulk and were stored in these locations.Its products were delivered to end consumers or retail locations upon ordering. Its accessory parts were produced by different factories in Asia and were then shipped separately to various destination markets. For example, when customers ordered four accessories, they might receive four different shipments on four different dates, leaving them sometim es confused and unable to track the status of their orders. This arrangement was also expensive for the technology company, given the high cost of inventory storage and the multiple airfreight bills for each customer.More importantly, the client promised its end consumers more than just beautifully designed products, it also promised a superior consumer experience—from placing the order on the Internet to actually receiving the product. The order status had to be available real-time and visible to consumers at each stage of execution; the delivery commitment to its end consumers was two to three days to the doorstep, which was often half a world away from where the goods were produced.Finally, considerable care and attention were given to the packaging and presentation of the products to ensure that end consumers were truly delighted when opening the box. Solution In serving this client, PCH set up an on-site real-time data transfer between client’s and PCH’s sy stem in Shenzhen, China. As customers place orders in North America, the orders were consolidated and fed live to PCH’s processing facilities.PCH had already stored bulk inventories of various accessory parts in its facilities; once information for each orders were received, the PCH teams in Shenzhen then go and grab the various parts and assemble them into one single package for each customer order. Customized and country appropriate packaging, including items such as usual manuals and in-country product support, were added to these parts. Finally, product codes were added to products in case the consumer wanted to a return or obtain customer services in their local customer service centers.This solution brought all product handling (post manufacturing) into China and all orders were shipped directly from one location to the final destination. This translated into savings on logistics as customers were now receiving only one shipment as opposed to multiple shipments. Address ing the Needs of the Financial Supply Chain As discussed in the state of the technology supply chain section, component suppliers and factories sometimes ran into a working capital crunch when unable to obtain feasible financing from commercial banks.On the opposite side of the table, the commercial banks generally appreciated the opportunity to help finance the components suppliers and factories, thereby gaining more visibility into the operations of these small to medium size operations. Casey drew insights from observing these challenges and decided that PCH was actually in a great position to help de-risk the entire supply chain—for the technology companies, banks, and the factories. Casey described how PCH’s services were different from those of other global PCH International: Managing Goods, Information and Financial Flows GS-61 . 11 logistics providers: â€Å"The FedExes and DHLs know where the boxes are, but PCH knows what’s inside the boxes. † Gi ven its span of participation in the supply chain, PCH gained a wealth of knowledge about the factories, the products, and the ultimate client. This knowledge became extremely valuable in doing risk assessment. For example, PCH staff (including Casey) had personally visited the factories and had worked with the owners and the technology companies for months. This level of understanding far exceeded what could be accomplished by lending officers.This unique position enabled PCH to effectively play the trade finance role in the supply chain cycle. By 2008, Casey envisioned the ways in which PCH could play a broader role in the financial supply chain as it saw pain points in the retailer to factory relationship. In the past, U. S. retailers (customers of PCH) placed purchase orders (POs) with outsourcing factories in China. The U. S. retailers would then apply for a Letter of Credit (LC) with a bank that would provide the required financing to the factory. Once the orders had been manu factured, the factories would then ship the goods directly to the retailers.As the consumer electronics industry evolved, retailers were no longer willing to place large purchase orders, given the uncertainty of the market. In order to protect their margins and to minimize inventory costs, retailers changed payment terms on the factories. The factories were required to obtain financing on their own and would only be paid 90 days after the retailers received the products. This put a tremendous amount of pressure on the factories. PCH saw this as an opportunity for another value-added service.Casey envisioned that PCH could play the role of an intermediary to facilitate the financial flow from the moment the retailers placed their orders to the delivery of goods. The new model was such that retailers would place orders with PCH and PCH would then place the orders with the factories. Given PCH’s size and its relationship with global technology firms, banks would be willing to le nd funds to PCH. At the same time, PCH could then lend funds back to its factories and suppliers at a higher interest rate, but still lower than what the factories and suppliers would have gotten on their own.PCH effectively made the interest spread between the banks and the factories and suppliers. JOURNEY TO-DATE AND PATH GOING FORWARD Casey, the business adventurer from Ireland seemed to have demystified the often chaotic Chinese manufacturing landscape. Casey recalled the tremendous difficulty in initially setting up the business in 1996: I found companies in Ireland that were buying cables, connectors and audio accessories through British distributors†¦ who were actually sourcing them from Asia anyway.It took a long time to convince these Irish companies to go source directly from Asia because their perception was that you couldn't get quality or the right products in Asia, plus they were worried about dealing with the time difference. With only $20,000 in start-up capital and unable to afford staff, Casey worked alone for two years, getting to know factories in China, opportunities, and the business. Just ten years into the PCH International: Managing Goods, Information and Financial Flows GS-61 p. 12 ame, Casey disclosed that by 2007, PCH generated over $100 million in annual revenue, not a small feat for someone who still claimed to â€Å"not speak much Mandarin. † As the company grew into a much larger company since its start-up days, Casey believed one of the most important things to preserve in the company culture was the sense of urgency. In the initial years, he remembered that every single customer contract determined the survival of the company. â€Å"That sense of urgency, to get things done, to exceed customer expectation continued to stay in the company even after all these years.This sense of urgency was a trait of PCH—the speed and the can-do attitude,† said Casey. (See Exhibit 4 and 5 for revenue breakdown. ) A lo ng-time customer of PCH was Better Energy Systems (BES), the brand owner of Solio portable solar power. PCH had been managing BES’s end-to-end supply chain. â€Å"Put simply, PCH understands the business and quality requirements of the West, while at the same time can effectively manage the day to day complexities of a Chinese supply chain,† said Christopher Hornor, chief executive of BES. 1 While Casey believed PCH’s end-to-end solution provided a unique value proposition to technology companies, he also humbly admitted: â€Å"there’s nothing that would prevent our customers from going directly to the suppliers in the future. † In trying to chart out the growth plan for his company in the years to come, he was contemplating several options: expanding service options or obtaining strategic investors. Regardless of the growth strategy, Casey had always believed in â€Å"building PCH one client at a time. You do a good job, they give you more work,à ¢â‚¬  he said. It's all about service—making sure they get what they want, when they want it. â€Å"12 And such was the truism in operating any supply chain. 11 12 Clifford Coonan, â€Å"Understanding the Rules Is Key to Success in China,† Irish Times, September 25, 2006. Anna Healy Fenton, â€Å"Irish Rover Now Fluent in Solutions-Speak,† South China Morning Post, March 26, 2005. PCH International: Managing Goods, Information and Financial Flows GS-61 p. 13 Exhibit 1: PCH Integrated Supply Chain Approach Technol ogy Suppl y Chain Sol uti on V i rtual Supply Chai n †¢ Flow of inf ormation Physi cal Suppl y Chain †¢ Fl ow of productsFi nancial Supply Chai n †¢ Fl ow of f unds Source: Company Internal Information Exhibit 2: PCH Services Categories PCH International: Managing Goods, Information and Financial Flows GS-61 p. 14 Exhibit 3: PCH Information Portal Source: Company Internal Document Exhibit 4: Revenue Breakdown by Category 2005 49% 19% 13 % 10% 10% 2006 42% 32% 12% 6% 7% 2007 45% 29% 14% 5% 6% Electronics Telecom Medical PC Other Source: Company Internal Document Exhibit 5: Revenue Breakdown by Geography 2005 51% 23% 9% 17% 0% 2006 46% 26. 5% 0. 4% 27% 0. 1% 2007 48% 22% 3% 25% 1% USA Ireland Europe Asia Brazil Source: Company Internal Document

Romeo and Juliet Balcony Essay

A Tragic Story of Two Lovebirds William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a well-known and phenomenal play of tragedy. The reason for its fame is that not only is it just dreadful, but there is also a romantic element as well. The play is set in Verona, Italy during the Elizabethan Age with two young and innocent lovers, Romeo and Juliet, from different wealthy families, Montague and Capulet. However, these two households share a hostile bond with each other that goes deep in Verona’s history.In one of the acts there is the famous â€Å"balcony scene† which takes place at night with Juliet on her balcony and Romeo down at her father’s orchard. This scene stands out from the rest because this is where Romeo and Juliet exchange their vows of undying love. During the balcony scene, Shakespeare uses personification, metaphor, and simile to help convey Romeo and Juliet’s deep affection for one another. While Juliet confesses her private thoughts alone, R omeo describes her stunning beauty and his feelings of love through personification.As Romeo gazes at her, he describes that her cheeks â€Å"would shame those / stars† (2. 2. 19-20). Her looks give off a special radiance that makes him say her cheeks outshine the eternal light given from the stars. By using stars, her beauty gives him hope, light, and a sense of goodness into his existence. This suggests that her brightness gives a certain direction that leads his life in a positive way. Then, Romeo argues that â€Å"stony limits† will not stop his love because â€Å"what love can do, that dares love attempt† (2. 2. 72. 73). Since Romeo is in his lover’s and foe’s house, he does not mind risking his life for her.His action is what a true lover does because an ordinary stranger or friend never bothers doing it. If his feelings are a physical object, it can be so strong that not even hard stone can prevent it. Shakespeare’s personification he lp show that Romeo’s love is pure, which implies Juliet is the one for him. Juliet explains through a metaphor and simile that her feelings will not change even though Romeo is from the enemy’s house. She compares his last name, Montague, to a rose and says that â€Å"any other word would smell as sweet† (2. 2. 47).With the fact the Capulets regard Romeo as an enemy, she still loves him no matter the reason because adding an evil household name to Romeo does not change him at all. By using roses, it symbolizes the sweet and passionate love she has toward him. To prove it even further, Juliet declares her emotions are â€Å"as boundless as the sea† (2. 2. 140). This illustrates her love for Romeo is infinite and immeasurable like the sea. In reference to nature, this also represents her adoration is natural, not of greed or lust. By using figurative language, Juliet effectively shows her feelings of love to Romeo.In the renowned play Romeo and Juliet, Shak espeare shows the two lover’s devotion through the use of figurative language. On Romeo’s side, he uses personification to praise Juliet’s certain attributes and vividly describe his affection towards her. In Juliet’s perspective, she uses a metaphor and simile to explain her passion for Romeo and how she does not consider him as a rival. Without Shakespeare’s use of figurative language, the audience cannot know how deep and real their innocent love is. In addition, the absence of these literary devices could make the play dull and not as dramatic.

Approaching Prayer †World Religion Essay

Approaching Prayer – World Religion Essay Free Online Research Papers Approaching Prayer World Religion Essay Most of us say we pray regardless if we are religious. This week’s focus is on opening up the subject of prayer. How it sounds, what it means, and why we do it. Prayer comes from the Latin root meaning to plea. Some say that prayer is done by action and just with words. Some say that prayer requires complete attention and ultimate focus; others believe that prayer is just an on going dialog with God. Anoushka Shankar Anoushka Shankar is a young musician. Her father is Ravi Shankar, the Hindu spiritual leader of the Beatles. She performs all over the world and recently released a CD entitled Chants of India. It is a collection of Hindu Prayers set to music. Teaching the message of Hinduism is often taught through stories. Using animals or kings, but there is always a moral and often it is delivered in the form of a chant. Shankar believes prayer to be extremely intimate and can be tough to share with other on stage. Chants are a different kind of a prayer. Hinduism is very tribal, in that there is a god of fire, a god of water. So one simply prays to the thing you are seeking help from. In prayers where the word Lord is used each Hindu can choose who or what that means. Shankar chooses to pray to a universal energy and she is less focused on the imagery of the Gods unlike her parents who have a favorite God that they most often pray to. Chanting is very much about the sound and the vibration that is created by the repetition and manner under which the chant is performed. You don’t really need to know what the sounds mean because the vibration that is created is often time the result. Shankar says English has too many words, it can be creative but not everything can be explained in a word. Because chants are often seeking a vibration she says that a feeling can be better expressed by this type of physical feeling. There is a lot of repetition in mantra. Some are said multiple times to produce a sound and others are simply the more you say it the better it feels. Stephen Mitchell Stephen Mitchell is a writer and translator. He learned Hebrew to read and translate the original Bible. He insists that prayer does not need to be religious. While reading the book of Joab, he was drawn to the elements of human suffering. He was interested in the idea of there being something beyond good and evil. Later in his life when he began to experience the text of the Hinduism his perception of God was revolutionized. He could sense the answers to Joab through his study in Hinduism. Absolutely unmixed attention is Prayer, French poet Simone Weil. Thus anyone doing something with great attention is considered prayer. For example some practicing piano draws on the same qualities of prayer. Mitchell also states that someone doing Zen Meditation is praying. You could say that praise is another mode of prayer. Not because of the longing but because of the appreciation and concentration involved with being in the moment. Praying and falling in love with life can often be compared. Do everything you do with gratitude, live life moment to moment appreciating life. To empty your mind and let your mind be at piece is a wonderful form of prayer. Roberta Bondi Bondi is an academic who kept prayer distant from her life until one day when a family crisis drew her to call upon it for peace. She has written beloved no non-sense books about the early mystical Christians. There is no right way to pray, it is important to find your way. The theology of the desert changed Bondis thinking about prayer. You dont need any reason to begin a pattern of prayer, it is about everyday life. It important to just show up for prayer, often in the way we think it is important to just show for family dinner. We often think that when we pray we have to be fully engaged and extremely focused. The fact is, if prayer is our end of our relationship with God, then we should treat it accordingly. Prayer is like being part of a family, we just need to show up and do the best we can do. Quote: If a man wants God to hear his prayer quickly, before a man prayers for anything else, even his own sole, he must pray for his enemies. Through this action God will hear his prayers. I think this quote speaks to the enter connectedness that we share with every other person on the planet. I think this also forces you to take a minute and realize that your enemy probably has a good number of the same problems that you have. Why think you are closer to God or closer to the truth then your neighbor, even if they are your enemy. 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African American culture

African American Culture The African American culture is one of the more diverse cultures out there. Many of these people practice different beliefs. African Americans live in all parts of the world and just like other cultures African Americans have people that live in what is considered poverty some that are considered middle class and some considered upper class. African Americans come with a lot of interesting thing like the language they speak which is called Ebonics and all the different stereotypes with black American some being negative and some positive. There are three main religions practiced in the black American culture. The first is the most common and that is Christianity, Which is known as the black church. Christianity started back in the slavery days. Many slaves that were brought over were stripped of the African belief system and denied free religious practice; this forced them to become Christians. However slaves managed to hold onto some practices by putting them into Christian worship in secret meetings that were held. These practices include dancing, shouts and African rhythms and enthusiastic singing. Another religion practice in the black culture is Islam. Islam was founded in Detroit Michigan in the 1930’s by Wallace D. Fard Muhammad. Many blacks converted to Islam because they believed that Christianity was what the white slave owners used to control the minds of blacks. Today Islam in the black community is made up of black Americans that come from various backgrounds. The last most common religious practice is Judaism. There are a little over 150,000 African Americans that practice Judaism today. Some of these are members to mainstream Jewish groups like the reform, conservative, or orthodox branches of Judaism. Others belong to non-mainstream Jewish groups like black Hebrew Israelites. The socioeconomic status in black American is a lot different from other status in the American culture, somewhat to the lower end. The median of income in the African American families is just over 34,218, the lowest of any racial group. One out of every five black families lives in poverty. Black men in America hold the highest rate for unemployment, nearly doubling for Caucasian men. Black men that are employed have the second highest median earnings of any other minority group. Single black women with children median income is 29,958. Nearly one out of every three black households is headed by a single woman, highest in female-headed households. Forty percent of the black single mothers are considered poor. African Americans make up 12. 9 percent of the United States population. They are the second largest minority population, following Hispanics. Majority of the blacks live in the south totaling up 55. 6 percent of the black population. The top three states being Mississippi, Louisiana and Georgia. The state that has the highest population of African Americans is New York. The African American culture is much bigger than a micro culture. This is because a micro-culture is a small group of people who share the same values, beliefs, and behaviors. The reason why the African American culture is not a micro culture is because there are all types of black Americans of all different types just like any other race. For example you have African Americans the practice different religions. You also have black Americans that come from all over the United States in different cities and neighborhoods with different ways of living and growing up. There are a few concepts in the text that are relevant to the African American culture. The first concept is one of the biggest and that is stereotyping. The systematic study of racial and ethnic stereotypes began in the United States in the 1930s with a study conducted by David Katz and Kenneth Braly. They presented college students with a list of 84 adjectives (lazy, ignorant, and stupid. ) and the traits that came up for black Americans were superstitious, lazy, happy go luck, ignorant, musical, religious. They found out all those traits came up consistently on each students list. Since then there has been a number of different researchers that have replicated Katz and Braly work. In today’s world you find and still here a lot of the stereotypes such as blacks are more athletic, their very loud, they all live in bad neighborhoods, they don’t work. There are a lot of different explanations and ideas why stereotypes on African Americans seem to dominate people’s way of thinking. For example stereotypes are well established in children’s memories well before they acquire the intellectual ability to question or evaluate them. By seeing how parents act and talk about the black community. We also get stereotype ideas by what is on the television and movies now days. The movies and shows always seem to try to make the â€Å"stereotypical† black man or woman. Another Concept that is relevant to the black American culture is the Black English dialect, and Ebonics. A primary way in which members of culture group define themselves and establish in-group and out-group identities is through verbal language. African American differs in their use of language, which is labeled as â€Å"Black language†, â€Å"Black Dialect†. The term Ebonics was first brought up in 1973 and refers to a grammatically complex African American speech pattern. Ebonics or Black language is a unique language created by the slaves. According to John Rickford an Ebonics scholar. He explains Ebonic pronunciations include the omission of the final consonant in words like pas (past) or han (hand) and the pronouncement of the vowel in words like my ride (mah rahd). Overall the African American speech acts are more animated, lively, and forceful than a lot of other cultures speeches. The last relevant concept that will be discussed is the culture and cognition. Culture and cognition refers to people from different areas and backgrounds and how they view and see things. This comes into play with African Americans that grow up in poverty or live with a single parent. Even though this can be associated with any race and culture its more likely with black Americans. With watching an interview on real sports with Bryan Gumble there was a black American on there and he explained the difference between black children growing up and every other culture you had to focus on only one thing to get out of poverty, his reference was â€Å"the hood†. He explained that growing up the only thing that could get black children out of the hood was sports. It wasn’t good grades and doing well in school because that was just a bonus. He said good grades wouldn’t pay for college but a football or basketball scholarship would. By all that he didn’t think a lot of other cultures had to worry about those things, that’s what made African American think and act different in different situations. In conclusion, the African American culture has many different religions they practice; they stay in all parts of the United States and just like multiple other cultures, people seem to stereotype. All in all the African American culture is one of the more diverse cultures out there.